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Volume 18, Issue 4 (2026)
Iran J War Public Health 2026, 18(4): 1001-1008 |
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Received: 2026/09/12 | Accepted: 2026/09/29 | Published: 2026/10/18
Received: 2026/09/12 | Accepted: 2026/09/29 | Published: 2026/10/18
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Mohammed G, Kadhim A, Hussein F, Alsadkhan A, Al-aqbi Z. Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defense, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. , Iran J War Public Health. 2026; 18 (4) :1001-1008
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Abstract (361 Views)
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, insulin resistance, and inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with healthy controls and to examine their associations with the clinical and biochemical characteristics of the syndrome.
Materials & Methods: This prospective case-control study was conducted at Baghdad Central Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from January 2025 to March 2026 on 128 participants, including 64 patients with metabolic syndrome, predominantly characterized by insulin resistance, and 64 healthy controls. Body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, malondialdehyde, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were measured. Case-control comparisons and Welch ANOVA were performed in R software with false discovery rate correction.
Findings: After false discovery rate correction, 22 of the 24 variables differed significantly between the groups, whereas age and catalase did not. The largest standardized differences were observed for the number of metabolic-syndrome components (Hedges’ g=4.77), TBARS (8.89±0.61 vs. 5.95±0.67 nmol/mL; g=4.56), fasting insulin (g=3.39), HOMA-IR (8.85±3.10 vs. 1.87±0.54; g=3.11), fasting glucose (g=3.09), and body mass index (g=2.95). Patients also had higher interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and lower superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and HDL cholesterol. HOMA-IR was positively correlated with oxidative-stress and inflammatory markers.
Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is associated with substantial alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, inflammation, and insulin resistance, supporting their relevance to metabolic dysfunction and disease characterization.
Materials & Methods: This prospective case-control study was conducted at Baghdad Central Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from January 2025 to March 2026 on 128 participants, including 64 patients with metabolic syndrome, predominantly characterized by insulin resistance, and 64 healthy controls. Body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, malondialdehyde, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were measured. Case-control comparisons and Welch ANOVA were performed in R software with false discovery rate correction.
Findings: After false discovery rate correction, 22 of the 24 variables differed significantly between the groups, whereas age and catalase did not. The largest standardized differences were observed for the number of metabolic-syndrome components (Hedges’ g=4.77), TBARS (8.89±0.61 vs. 5.95±0.67 nmol/mL; g=4.56), fasting insulin (g=3.39), HOMA-IR (8.85±3.10 vs. 1.87±0.54; g=3.11), fasting glucose (g=3.09), and body mass index (g=2.95). Patients also had higher interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and lower superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and HDL cholesterol. HOMA-IR was positively correlated with oxidative-stress and inflammatory markers.
Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is associated with substantial alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, inflammation, and insulin resistance, supporting their relevance to metabolic dysfunction and disease characterization.
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