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Volume 18, Issue 2 (2026)
Iran J War Public Health 2026, 18(2): 189-200 |
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Received: 2025/12/23 | Accepted: 2026/03/17 | Published: 2026/04/14
Received: 2025/12/23 | Accepted: 2026/03/17 | Published: 2026/04/14
How to cite this article
Moradpour Dehnavi A, Sadeghi R, Bamir M. Passive Defense as a Deterrence Strategy: A Review of Its Roles and Functions in Preventing Military Surprise in the Health and Non-Health Sectors. Iran J War Public Health 2026; 18 (2) :189-200
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1- Department of Islamic Studies, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
2- Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
3- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2- Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
3- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abstract (662 Views)
Aims: This paper presented a review of the functions and roles of passive defense in strengthening non-offensive deterrence and reducing vulnerability.
Information & Method: This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively gather related literature, spanning the conceptual evolution of passive defense from 2005 to 2025. No geographical or document type restrictions were imposed. Electronic searches were performed across three specialized databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed), two general search engines (Google Scholar and Google), and Persian databases (SID and Magiran). Furthermore, gray literature sources and manual citation tracing (forward and backward tracking) were utilized to ensure complete coverage of the literature. The study selection process followed the PRISMA framework.
Findings: The role of passive defense in preventing and countering military surprise was delineated across 15 key axes. The most critical application areas identified in the scientific documents fell into four main categories that formed the foundation of defense strategies. Moreover, the dimensions of passive defense in these studies were categorized into nine key sections, and the fundamental elements and components of passive defense, which specify the executive requirements, collectively comprised seven vital components.
Conclusion: Passive defense is a proactive, multi-layered strategy that strengthens national resilience by reducing vulnerabilities and preventing attacks from escalating.
Information & Method: This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively gather related literature, spanning the conceptual evolution of passive defense from 2005 to 2025. No geographical or document type restrictions were imposed. Electronic searches were performed across three specialized databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed), two general search engines (Google Scholar and Google), and Persian databases (SID and Magiran). Furthermore, gray literature sources and manual citation tracing (forward and backward tracking) were utilized to ensure complete coverage of the literature. The study selection process followed the PRISMA framework.
Findings: The role of passive defense in preventing and countering military surprise was delineated across 15 key axes. The most critical application areas identified in the scientific documents fell into four main categories that formed the foundation of defense strategies. Moreover, the dimensions of passive defense in these studies were categorized into nine key sections, and the fundamental elements and components of passive defense, which specify the executive requirements, collectively comprised seven vital components.
Conclusion: Passive defense is a proactive, multi-layered strategy that strengthens national resilience by reducing vulnerabilities and preventing attacks from escalating.
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