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Volume 18, Issue 2 (2026)
Iran J War Public Health 2026, 18(2): 1001-1009 |
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Received: 2025/12/23 | Accepted: 2026/04/1 | Published: 2026/07/19
Received: 2025/12/23 | Accepted: 2026/04/1 | Published: 2026/07/19
How to cite this article
Moradpour A, Sadeghi R, Bamir M. Passive Defense as a Deterrence Strategy: A Review of Its Roles and Functions in Preventing Military Surprise in the Health and Non-Health Sectors. Iran J War Public Health 2026; 18 (2) :1001-1009
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Abstract (221 Views)
Aims: This paper presents a review of the functions and roles of Passive Defense in strengthening non-offensive deterrence and reducing vulnerability.
Method: This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively gather related literature, spanning from the conceptual evolution of Passive Defense (2005) up to the year 2025. No geographical or document type restrictions were imposed. Electronic searches were performed across three specialized databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed), two general search engines (Google Scholar, Google), and Persian databases (SID, Magiran). Furthermore, gray literature sources and manual citation tracing (forward and backward tracking) were utilized to ensure complete coverage of the literature. The study selection process followed the PRISMA framework.
Findings: The literature review revealed that the role of Passive Defense in preventing and countering military surprise can be delineated across fifteen key axes. The most critical application areas identified in the scientific documents fall into four main categories that form the foundation of defense strategies. Moreover, the dimensions of Passive Defense in these studies are categorized into nine key sections, and the fundamental elements and components of Passive Defense, which specify the executive requirements, collectively comprise seven vital components.
Conclusion: it functions as an active, multi-layered strategy that ensures national resilience against military surprise. This approach prevents a limited attack from escalating into a strategic catastrophe by reducing physical and cyber vulnerabilities and disrupting the enemy’s timing. also guarantees national survival and the continuity of sovereignty under novel threat conditions.
Method: This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively gather related literature, spanning from the conceptual evolution of Passive Defense (2005) up to the year 2025. No geographical or document type restrictions were imposed. Electronic searches were performed across three specialized databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed), two general search engines (Google Scholar, Google), and Persian databases (SID, Magiran). Furthermore, gray literature sources and manual citation tracing (forward and backward tracking) were utilized to ensure complete coverage of the literature. The study selection process followed the PRISMA framework.
Findings: The literature review revealed that the role of Passive Defense in preventing and countering military surprise can be delineated across fifteen key axes. The most critical application areas identified in the scientific documents fall into four main categories that form the foundation of defense strategies. Moreover, the dimensions of Passive Defense in these studies are categorized into nine key sections, and the fundamental elements and components of Passive Defense, which specify the executive requirements, collectively comprise seven vital components.
Conclusion: it functions as an active, multi-layered strategy that ensures national resilience against military surprise. This approach prevents a limited attack from escalating into a strategic catastrophe by reducing physical and cyber vulnerabilities and disrupting the enemy’s timing. also guarantees national survival and the continuity of sovereignty under novel threat conditions.
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