JMERC
Owner
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) is the owner of IJWPH.
0.3
Cite Score
SJR: 0.114 / SNIP: 0.090
Volume 12, Issue 1 (2020)
Iran J War Public Health 2020, 12(1): 53-61 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2019/10/7 | Accepted: 2020/03/17 | Published: 2020/03/17
Received: 2019/10/7 | Accepted: 2020/03/17 | Published: 2020/03/17
How to cite this article
Zare M, Bagooli H, Kazemi S, Javidi H. Comparison of Emotional Schemes in War Veterans suffering Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with Depression Symptoms, Anxiety Symptoms and without Signs of Depression and Anxiety. Iran J War Public Health 2020; 12 (1) :53-61
URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-862-en.html
URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-862-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Psychology Department, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
2- Psychology Department, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran , bhossein@gmail.com
2- Psychology Department, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran , bhossein@gmail.com
Abstract (4268 Views)
Aims: War veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have difficulty with emotional regulation strategies. The model of emotional schemas as a transdiagnostic construct recently played a major role in researches related to mental illnesses. The aim of this study was to compare the emotional schemes in war veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and without signs of depression and anxiety.
Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive study 105 war veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder who referred to counseling centers of Martyr and Sacrifices Affairs Foundation of Shiraz and Bavanat cities, were selected by purposive sampling method and divided into three groups of 35 people of war veterans suffering PTSD with depression symptoms, war veterans suffering PTSD with anxiety symptoms, and war veterans suffering PTSD without symptoms of anxiety and depression. Tools of the study were Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-5), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Iranian version of Leahy's Emotional Schema Questionnaire, and military version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using univariate analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test.
Findings: There was significant difference among the three groups of veterans in all aspects of emotional schemas except subjective rumination, consensus and higher values (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Emotional schemas are different in war veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and without signs of depression and anxiety, so in treatment of these patients the role and the replacement of compatible emotional schemes in recovery of the disease should be considered.
Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive study 105 war veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder who referred to counseling centers of Martyr and Sacrifices Affairs Foundation of Shiraz and Bavanat cities, were selected by purposive sampling method and divided into three groups of 35 people of war veterans suffering PTSD with depression symptoms, war veterans suffering PTSD with anxiety symptoms, and war veterans suffering PTSD without symptoms of anxiety and depression. Tools of the study were Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-5), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Iranian version of Leahy's Emotional Schema Questionnaire, and military version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using univariate analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test.
Findings: There was significant difference among the three groups of veterans in all aspects of emotional schemas except subjective rumination, consensus and higher values (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Emotional schemas are different in war veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and without signs of depression and anxiety, so in treatment of these patients the role and the replacement of compatible emotional schemes in recovery of the disease should be considered.
Keywords:
English Expanded Abstract [HTML 18 KB] (51 Download)
References
1. Zamani S,Veisani Y, Mohammadian F, Kikhavani S. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people who experienced imposed war by iraq on Iran in Ilam in 2016: cross-sectional study. J Mil Med. 2018;20(4):412-20. [Persian]
2. Williams CL, Milanak ME, Judah MR, Berenbaum H. The association between PTSD and facial affect recognition. Psychiatr Res. 2018;265:298-302. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.055]
3. Shafiei M, Sadeghi M, Ramezani S. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on executive function and experiential avoidance in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2017;9(4):169-75. [Persian] [DOI:10.29252/acadpub.ijwph.9.4.169]
4. Resick PA, Schnicke MK. Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(5):748-56. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.748]
5. Leahy RL. Emotional schemas and resistance to change in anxiety disorders. Cogn Behav Pract. 2007;14(1):36-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.08.001]
6. Leahy RL. Introduction: Emotional schemas, emotion regulation and psychopathology. Int J Cogn Ther. 2012;5(4):359-61. [DOI:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.359]
7. Leahy RL. Introduction: Emotional schemas and emotional schema therapy. Int J Cogn Ther. 2019;12:1-4. [DOI:10.1007/s41811-018-0038-5]
8. Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(8):1011-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.006]
9. Calvete E, Orue I, Hankin BL. Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: the mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27(3):278-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.011]
10. Naderi Y, Moradi AR, Hasani J, Noohi S. Effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(3):147-55. [Persian]
11. Cresswell CM, Kuiper L, Power MJ. Social networks and support in long- term psychiatric patients. Psychol Med. 1992;22(4):1019-26. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291700038587]
12. Yeh CL, Levar N, Broos HC, Dechert A, Potter K, Eden EA, Gilman JM. White matter integrity differences associated with post-traumatic stressdisorder are not
13. normalized by concurrent marijuana use. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2020;295:111017. [DOI:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111017]
14. Schoenfeld FB, Marmar CR, Neylan TC. Current concepts in pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2004;55(5):519-31. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.55.5.519]
15. Chorpita BF, Barlow DH. The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychol Bull. 1998;124(1):3-21. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3]
16. Alloy LB, Kelly KA, Mineka S, Clements CM. Comorbidity in anxiety and depressive disorders: a helplessness-hopelessness perspective. In: Maser JD, Cloninger CR, editors. Comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders. Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Press; 1990. p. 499-543.
17. Mineka S, Watson D, Clark LA. Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annu Rev Psychol.1998;49(1):377-412. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377]
18. Hosseini-Ramaghani N, Rezaei F, Sepahvandi M, Gholam-Rezaei S, Mirdrikvand F. The mediating role of the metacognitions and experiential avoidance on the relationship between childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms. J Kashan Univ Med Sci. 2019;23(5):543-53. [Persian]
19. Fata L, Birashk B, Atif Wahed MK, Dobson KS. By means of this scheme, the state of emotional and cognitive processing of emotional information. Thought Behav Clin Psychol. 2005;11(3):312-26. [Persian]
20. Kaviani H, Mousavi AS. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Tehran Univ Med J. 2008;66(2):136-40. [Persian]
21. Leahy RL, Tirch D, Napolitano LA. Emotion regulation in psychotherapy: a practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
22. Khanzadeh M, Edrisi F, Mohammadkhani S, Saidian M. Investigation of factor structure and psychometric properties of emotional schema scale on students. Clin Psychol Stud. 2013;3(11):91-119. [Persian]
23. Goudarzi MA. Validity and reliability of Mississippi post-traumatic stress disorder scales. J Psychol. 2003;7(2):153-78. [Persian]
24. Tirch DD, Leahy RL, Silberstein LR, Melwani PS. Emotional schemas, psychological flexibility, and anxiety: the role of flexible response patterns to anxious arousal. Int J Cogn Ther. 2012;5(4):380-91. [DOI:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.380]
25. Papageorgiou C, Wells A, editors. Depressive rumination: nature, theory, and treatment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2004.
26. Nolen-Hoeksema S. The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109(3):504-11. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504]
27. Kleiman EM, Riskind JH, Schaefer KE, Weingarden H. Moderating role of social support on the relationship between impulsivity and suicide risk. Crisis. 2012;33(5):273-9. [DOI:10.1027/0227-5910/a000136]
28. Gross JJ. Antecedent and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(1):224-37. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224]
29. Naderi Y, Moradi A, Ramezanzadeh F, Vaghefinezhad M. Emotional schemas (ESs), depression and anxiety in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patient: as a risk factor in PTSD. Clin Psychol Stud. 2016;6(22):1-22. [Persian]
30. Salters-Pedneault K, Roemer L, Tull MT, Rucker L, Mennin DS. Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. J Cogn Ther Res.
31. 2006;30:469-80.
32. Simmons CA, Granvold DK. A cognitive model to explain gender differences in rate of PTSD diagnosis. Brief Treat Crisis Interv. 2005;5(3):290-9. [DOI:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhi021]
33. Salkovskis PM, Clark DM, Hackmann A, Wells A, Gelder MG. An experimental investigation of the role of safety-
34. seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37(6):559-74. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00153-3]
35. Roemer L, Litz BT, Orsillo SM, Wagner AW. A preliminary investigation of the role of strategic withholding of emotions in PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2001;14:149-56. [DOI:10.1023/A:1007895817502]
Send email to the article author