JMERC
Owner
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) is the owner of IJWPH.
0.5
Cite Score
SJR: 0.129 / SNIP: 0.140
Volume 17, Issue 3 (2025)
Iran J War Public Health 2025, 17(3): 211-216 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
Ethics code: IR.ZBMU.REC.1402.080
History
Received: 2025/05/27 | Accepted: 2025/07/3 | Published: 2025/07/22
Received: 2025/05/27 | Accepted: 2025/07/3 | Published: 2025/07/22
How to cite this article
Maghsoudloomahalli M, Shahdadi H, Naderifar M, Abdollahimohammad A, Podinehmoghadam M. Effects of Home Visit Empowerment Program on Burden and Self-Efficacy of Caregivers of Iran-Iraq War Diabetic Veterans. Iran J War Public Health 2025; 17 (3) :211-216
URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-1577-en.html
URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-1577-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Authors
M. Maghsoudloomahalli *1, H. Shahdadi2, M. Naderifar1, A. Abdollahimohammad1, M. Podinehmoghadam1
1- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran
2- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Ferdosi Sharghi Street, Zabol, Iran. Postal Code: 9861663335 (zb5950@gmail.com)
2- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Ferdosi Sharghi Street, Zabol, Iran. Postal Code: 9861663335 (zb5950@gmail.com)
Abstract (896 Views)
Aims: Diabetes is common among veterans, who are often cared for by family members. The complexities of caregiving can cause stress, highlighting the need to improve caregivers’ self-efficacy. Home visits are essential for healthcare education. This study assessed the impact of home visits on caregiving stress and self-efficacy among caregivers of veterans with diabetes.
Materials & Methods: This clinical trial, conducted in 2024, involved 60 caregivers of veterans with diabetes from Gorgan medical centers. Participants were randomized into the intervention (four 40-60 minute home visit sessions with tailored diabetes care training) and control (routine training) groups (n=30 each). Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, Sherer’s Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and the Caregiver Burden Inventory by Novak and Guest.
Findings: No significant difference in pre-intervention self-efficacy existed between the groups (p=0.749). Post-intervention, a statistically significant difference in caregivers’ self-efficacy was observed (p<0.001). Caregiving burden showed no significant difference between the groups pre- (p=0.079) or post-intervention (p=0.220).
Conclusion: Home visits are effective for enhancing caregiving skills. However, the unchanged caregiving burden indicates that home visits alone are insufficient to reduce stress.
Keywords:
Home Visits [MeSH], Care Burden [MeSH], Self-Efficacy [MeSH], Caregivers [MeSH], Veterans [MeSH], Diabetes [MeSH]
References
1. Ghahramani S, Ghaedrahmat M, Saberi N, Ghanei-Gheshlagh R, Dalvand P, Barzgaran R. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the quality of life of Iranian veterans' wives. J Mil Med. 2022;24(4):1260-9. [Persian] [Link]
2. Madani FS, Zarani F. Managing chronic illness in the family: A systematic review. J Fam Res. 2022;18(1):57-73. [Persian] [Link] [DOI:10.52547/JFR.18.1.57]
3. Parandeh AK, Saeed KB, Salari MM, Alhani FA. Effect of family-centered empowerment model on the quality of life in chemical warfare veterans: Randomized controlled clinical trial. J Mil Med. 2018;20(5):554-62. [Persian] [Link]
4. Raisimanesh M, Seyrafi M, Mashayekh M. Predicting illness attitude based on caregiver burden and stress coping styles in disabled veterans. Mil Psychol. 2020;11(42):19-30. [Persian] [Link]
5. Adili D, Dehghani-Arani F. The relationship between caregiver's burden and patient's quality of life in women with breast cancer. J Res Psychol Health. 2018;12(2):30-9. [Link]
6. Safiri S, Moghimian M, Sadeghi N, Sasani L. The effect of continuous care model on self-efficacy and care burden of parents. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024;10(4):61-70. [Persian] [Link]
7. Thandi G, Harden L, Cole L, Greenberg N, Fear NT. Systematic review of caregiver burden in spouses and partners providing informal care to wounded, injured or sick (WIS) military personnel. J R Army Med Corps. 2018;164(5):365-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/jramc-2017-000821]
8. Sousa H, Ribeiro O, Afreixo V, Costa E, Paúl C, Ribeiro F, et al. "Should WE Stand Together?": A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of family-based interventions for adults with chronic physical diseases. Fam Process. 2021;60(4):1098-116. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/famp.12707]
9. Burger K, Samuel R. The role of perceived stress and self-efficacy in young people's life satisfaction: A longitudinal study. J Youth Adolesc. 2017;46(1):78-90. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10964-016-0608-x]
10. Zanjari N, Namjoo S, Aminzadeh DM, Delbari A. Relationship between self-efficacy and depression among family caregivers of chemical warfare elderly veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2019;11(4):223-31. [Persian] [Link] [DOI:10.29252/ijwph.11.4.223]
11. Abbasi A, Shamsizadeh M, Asayesh H, Rahmani H, Hosseini S, Talebi M. The relationship between caregiver burden with coping strategies in family caregivers of cancer patients. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;1(3):62-71. [Persian] [Link]
12. Unwin BK, Jerant AF. The home visit. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60(5):1481-8. [Link]
13. Dehi M, Norozi K, Aghajari P, Khoahbakht M, Vosoghi N. The effect of home visit on quality of life of patients with type II diabetes. Iran J Diabetes Metab. 2018;17(1):31-8. [Persian] [Link]
14. Torres HD, Santos LM, Cordeiro PM. Home visit: An educational health strategy for self-care in diabetes. ACTA PAULISTA DE ENFERMAGEM. 2014;27(1):23-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1590/1982-0194201400006]
15. Gholizadeh M, Akrami R, Tadayonfar M, Akbarzadeh R. An evaluation on the effectiveness of patient care education on quality of life of stroke caregivers: A randomized field trial. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2016;22(6):955-64. [Persian] [Link]
16. Tabatabaee A, Mohammadnejad E, Karimi A, Salehi Z, Sadat Izadi-Avanji F. The effect of family-centered self-care program based on home visits on adherence to physical activity of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Iran J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2022;11(1):50-7. [Persian] [Link]
17. Nejati V, Ahmadi K. Evaluation of epidemiology of chronic disease in Iranian psychiatric veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2010;2(4):8-12. [Persian] [Link]
18. Liu Y, Sayam S, Shao X, Wang K, Zheng S, Li Y, et al. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among veterans, United States, 2005-2014. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E135. [Link] [DOI:10.5888/pcd14.170230]
19. Davoodi M, Dindamal B, Dargahi H, Faraji Khiavi F. Barriers and incentives for patients with type II diabetic referring to healthcare centers: A qualitative study. J Diabetes Nurs. 2020;8(4):1223-36. [Persian] [Link]
20. Torki-Harchegani F, Shirazi M, Keshvari M, Abazari P. The effect of home visit program on self-management behaviors and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2020;38(575):310-6. [Persian] [Link]
21. Setyoadi, Meiliana SW, Hakim FO, Hayati YS, Kristianingrum ND, Kartika AW, et al. The burden of family caregivers in the care of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A literature review. J Rural Community Nurs Pract. 2024;2(1):40-7. [Link] [DOI:10.58545/jrcnp.v2i1.207]
22. Wasmani A, Rahnama M, Abdollahimohammad A, Badakhsh M, Hashemi Z. The effect of family-centered education on the care burden of family caregivers of the elderly with cancer: A quasi-experimental study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2022;23(3):1077-82. [Link] [DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2022.23.3.1077]
23. Kouhsari M, Shamsalinia A, Navabi N, Jannati Y. Effect of family-oriented education on care burden and anxiety of caregivers of the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Casp J Health Aging. 2022;7(2):61-73. [Persian] [Link]
24. Azad Marzabadi E, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Ahmadi-Zade MJ, Anisi J, Zamani-Nasab R. Relationship between physical-mental health and spirituality with self-efficacy in military staff. J Mil Med. 2015;16(4):217-23. [Persian] [Link]
25. Omidi B, Sabet M, Ahadi H, Nejat H. Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on perceived stress, self-efficacy and sleep quality in the elderly with type 2 diabetes (T2D). J Prev Med. 2022;9(2):132-43. [Persian] [Link]
26. Ebrahimi H, Sanagoo A, Behnampour N, Jouybari L. Care burden of home caregivers of patients with COVID-19. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2022;32(208):75-83. [Persian] [Link]
27. Ali Asgari Rizi M, Manshaee G. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on caring pressure and compassion fatigue in caregivers of heart transplant candidates. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2024;12(3):80-90. [Persian] [Link]
28. Omidi A, Miri F, Khodaveisi M, Karami M, Mohammadi N. The effect of training home care to type-2 diabetic patients on controlling blood glucose levels in patients admitted to the diabetes research center of Hamadan. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care. 2014;22(3):24-32. [Persian] [Link]
29. Huang HL, Shyu YI, Chen MC, Chen ST, Lin LC. A pilot study on a home-based caregiver training program for improving caregiver self-efficacy and decreasing the behavioral problems of elders with dementia in Taiwan. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(4):337-45. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/gps.835]
30. Hejazi E, Sadeghi N, Khatoon Khaki S. A study on the relationship between teachers' job attitude, sense of efficacy and collective efficacy with their job commitment. J Educ Innov. 2012;11(42):7-29. [Persian] [Link]
31. Anggraini R, Suryawati C, Rachma N. Effects of dietary management education on self-efficacy and caregiver practice in dietary care of family members with type 2 DM. Indones J Nurs Midwifery. 2018;6(3):211-8. [Link] [DOI:10.21927/jnki.2018.6(3).43-50]
32. Wichit N, Mnatzaganian G, Courtney M, Schulz P, Johnson M. Randomized controlled trial of a family-oriented self-management program to improve self-efficacy, glycemic control and quality of life among Thai individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;123:37-48. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.11.013]
33. Othman S, Hasan S, Garjees N. Effects of a home-based nursing intervention program on caregivers care adherence of children affected with type I diabetes mellitus. J Med Chem Sci. 2023;6(10):2319-26. [Link]
34. Weiss HB. Home visits: Necessary but not sufficient. Future Child. 1993;3(3):113-28. [Link] [DOI:10.2307/1602545]
35. Leung DYP, Chan HYL, Chiu PKC, Lo RSK, Lee LLY. Source of social support and caregiving self-efficacy on caregiver burden and patient's quality of life: A path analysis on patients with palliative care needs and their caregivers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5457. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17155457]
36. Zupa MF, Lee A, Piette JD, Trivedi R, Youk A, Heisler M, et al. Impact of a dyadic intervention on family supporter involvement in helping adults manage type 2 diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(4):761-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11606-021-06946-8]
37. Louie SW, Liu PK, Man DW. The effectiveness of a stroke education group on persons with stroke and their caregivers. Int J Rehabil Res. 2006;29(2):123-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/01.mrr.0000191851.03317.f0]
38. Van Den Heuvel ET, De Witte LP, Nooyen-Haazen I, Sanderman R, Meyboom-de Jong B. Short-term effects of a group support program and an individual support program for caregivers of stroke patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2000;40(2):109-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0738-3991(99)00066-X]
39. Ugur HG, Erci B. The effect of home care for stroke patients and education of caregivers on the caregiver burden and quality of life. Acta Clin Croat. 2019;58(2):321-32. [Link]
40. Yang SY, Fu SH, Hsieh PL, Lin YL, Chen MC, Lin PH. Improving the care stress, life quality, and family functions for family-caregiver in long-term care by home modification. Ind Health. 2022;60(5):485-97. [Link] [DOI:10.2486/indhealth.2021-0176]