JMERC
Owner
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) is the owner of IJWPH.
0.4
Cite Score
SJR: 0.114 / SNIP: 0.090
Volume 15, Issue 4 (2023)
Iran J War Public Health 2023, 15(4): 353-360 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2023/05/21 | Accepted: 2023/11/19 | Published: 2023/12/19
Received: 2023/05/21 | Accepted: 2023/11/19 | Published: 2023/12/19
How to cite this article
Kiani R, Shahbazin S, Akbari M, Moudi M. Spatial Distribution Analysis of Chemical Warfare Victims with the Health Demographic Policy Approach. Iran J War Public Health 2023; 15 (4) :353-360
URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-1344-en.html
URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-1344-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Department of Population & Health, National Institute for Population Research, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Migration, Urbanization & Spatial Distribution, National Institute for Population Research, Tehran, Iran
3- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Migration, Urbanization & Spatial Distribution, National Institute for Population Research, Tehran, Iran
3- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Abstract (888 Views)
Aims: Iraq used chemical weapons in the war with Iran, in military and civilian areas. Due to the long-term effects of these weapons, Considering over 35 years after this eight-year war, the number of chemical warfare victims is increasing. This research aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims by province.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive-analytical research study was done using data obtained from the General Department of Statistics and Information Technology of the Martyr and Veteran Affairs Foundation. The data of chemical casualties includes the number; place of residence, gender, and type of injury in 2021 that were analyzed using SPSS 20 and ArcGIS software and Moran's test.
Findings: The total number of veterans in 2021 was 601330; 10.7% of them were chemical victims. Tehran (11%), Isfahan (9.67%), and Khorasan-Razavi (6.92%) provinces had the highest, and Hormozgan (0.39%), South-Khorasan (0.66%), and Sistan & Baluchistan (0.77% provinces) had the lowest. The spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims showed a cluster pattern.
Conclusion: The consequences of Iraq's use of chemical weapons can be seen in all of Iran’s provinces, and all provinces have chemical victims. Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, West-Azerbaijan, and Khuzestan have more chemical victims than other provinces.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive-analytical research study was done using data obtained from the General Department of Statistics and Information Technology of the Martyr and Veteran Affairs Foundation. The data of chemical casualties includes the number; place of residence, gender, and type of injury in 2021 that were analyzed using SPSS 20 and ArcGIS software and Moran's test.
Findings: The total number of veterans in 2021 was 601330; 10.7% of them were chemical victims. Tehran (11%), Isfahan (9.67%), and Khorasan-Razavi (6.92%) provinces had the highest, and Hormozgan (0.39%), South-Khorasan (0.66%), and Sistan & Baluchistan (0.77% provinces) had the lowest. The spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims showed a cluster pattern.
Conclusion: The consequences of Iraq's use of chemical weapons can be seen in all of Iran’s provinces, and all provinces have chemical victims. Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, West-Azerbaijan, and Khuzestan have more chemical victims than other provinces.
Keywords:
References
1. Salimi M. The effects of the Imposed War on language changes. Iran J Sociol.;16(1):41-70. [Persian] [Link]
2. Molkari B, Karmian N, Farahbakhsh K, Esmaili M. Qualitative analysis of emotional and familial situations of injured victims of Sardasht chemical air attack. Clin Psychol Stud. 2013;4(13):107-20. [Persian] [Link]
3. Zargar F, Foruzandeh E, Mohammadi A, Bagherian-Sararoudi R, Habibi M. Psychological health in veterans of the Iran-Iraq imposed war, 22 years after the war ended. RBS. 2013;10(6):544-53. [Persian] [Link]
4. Ghyasvand A, Mohammadtaghizadeh M. Salehpour M. The female face of war in the chemical bombing of Sardasht. Nat Stud J. 2020;21(81):109-36. [Persian] [Link]
5. Eskandari A. Investigating the Use of Iraqi Ba'athist chemical weapons in the war imposed on Iran. Sci J Sacred Defense Stud Contemp Battle. 2019;1(1):119-66. [Persian] [Link]
6. Kakoei S, Rad M, Zia N. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in the victims of chemical bombardments in Kerman City. J Isfahan Dent School. 2010;5(3):172-80. [Link]
7. Mohaghegh-Motlagh S, Momtazi S, Musavi-Nasab S, Arab A, Saburi E, Saburi A. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Male Chemical Injured War Veterans Compared to non-chemical War Veterans. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2014;56(6):361-8. [Persian] [Link]
8. Harifi Taraz Kuhi H, Goodarzi Rauf H. Analyzing the right of states to produce and develop military weapons from the perspective of international law. Sci J Sec Horizon. 2017;10(36):153-79. [Persian] [Link]
9. Rodriguez-Llanes JM, Guha-Sapir D, Schlüter BS, Hsiao-Rei Hicks M. Conflict and Health. Epidemiological findings of major chemicalattacks in the Syrian war are consistent with civilian targeting: a short report. Confl Health. 2018;12:16 [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-018-0150-4]
10. Mahin Sohrabi. The statute of limitations of actions of victims of the use of chemical weapons during Iran-Iraq war. Public Law Res. 2016;18(51):135-65. [Persian] [Link]
11. Nobakht BF, Aghamollaei H, Parvin S, Borna H, Ghanei M. Side effects and injuries caused by chemical weapons during the holy defense and the battles of the axis of resistance. J Combat Med. 2019;2(2):99-108. [Persian] [Link]
12. Ghazanfari T, Faghihzadeh S, Aragizadeh H, Soroush MR, Yaraee R, Mohammad Hassan Z, et al. Sardasht-Iran cohort study of chemical warfare victims: Design and methods. Arch Iran Med. 2009;12(1):5-14 [Link]
13. Rabiee MH, Ghanei M, Amini H, Akhlaghi A. Mortality rate of people exposed to Mustard Gas during Iran-Iraq war in Sardasht, Iran: A 32 years retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1152 [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-022-13520-2]
14. Jalaee S, Faghihzadeh S, Ghazanfari T, Eskandari F, Yaraee R, Moeen A, et al. Study of surrogacy validation of Th1, Th2 in long-term skin effects of exposure to mustard gas. Daneshvar Med. 2009;15(6):11-8. [Persian] [Link]
15. Malekari B, Karimian N. A qualitative study of the psycho-physical consequences of chemical bombardment on the victims of Sardasht city. Counsel Culture Psycother. 2013;4(14):43-56. [Persian] [Link]
16. Jarahi L, Habibzadeh Shojaie S. Long-term effects of sulfur mustard poisoning in Iranian chemical warfare victims: A systematic review. J Isfahan Med School. 2013;30(219):2353-66. [Link]
17. Etezad-Razavi M, Hefazi M, Mahmoudi M, Balali-Mood M. Correlation of delayed mustard gas ocular complications with severity of skin, respiratory, hematologic, and immunologic complications. Bina J Ophthalmol. 2005;11(2):213-21. [Persian] [Link]
18. Abbasi M, Jamali H, Omidi Oskouei A. Quality of life of chemically-disabled war veterans involved in pulmonary complications of sulfur mustard gas in Sardasht. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2012;5(4):34-9. [Persian] [Link]
19. Mohsenimajd A, Ghazanfari T, Dilmaghanian R. Evaluation of serum and sputum level of IL-21 in Sardasht chemical victims and its relationship with long-term pulmonary complications (27 years after sulfur mustard exposure). Daneshvar Med. 2017;25(2):1-8. [Persian] [Link]
20. Ghasemi-Broumand P, Mohammad Rabie H, Tabatabaee S, Ghassemi-Broumand M, Shahraki K. Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas in Iranian veterans. Sci J Rehab Med. 2018;7(1):30-41. [Persian] [Link]
21. Habibzadeh T, Eghbali K, Samiei Nasab N. Lawsuit proceedings for victims of use of chemical weapons in the imposed war in the judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Judiciarys Law J. 2018;82(104):11-38. [Persian] [Link]
22. Khateri S, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(11):1136-43. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/01.jom.0000094993.20914.d1]
23. Izadi A, Izadi- Avanji F, Masoumi A, Kafaei Atri M, Hajibagheri A, Miranzadeh S. The study of experiences of chemical victims of Iraq-Iran conflict in terms of nature and structure of suffering sources. JSSU. 2014;22(1):858-70. [Link]
24. Haj Rasouli M, Mahezb A, Soroush MR, Amini R, Qanei M. Investigation of the amount of change in the physical indicators of chemical veterans after participating in a regular exercise program. Sports Sci Q. 2011;4(9):29-50. [Persian] [Link]
25. Taebi G, Soroush M, Modirian E, Khateri S, Mousavi B, Ganjparvar Z, et al. Human costs of Iraq's chemical war against Iran; an epidemiological study. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(2):115-21. [Link]
26. Sadeghi R, Shokryani M. Spatial analysis of the development impact on internal migration - between counties - in Iran. Commun Dev. 2016;8(2):245-70. [Persian] [Link]