en آمار و اپیدمیولوژی معلولیت‌های ناشی از جنگ/حادثه Epidemiology and Statistics of War/Accident Related Injuries مروری سیستماتيک/متاآناليز Systematic Review/Meta Analysis <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aims:&nbsp; This paper presents a review of the functions and roles of Passive Defense in strengthening non-offensive deterrence and reducing vulnerability.</span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Method: This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively gather related literature, spanning from the conceptual evolution of Passive Defense (2005) up to the year 2025. No geographical or document type restrictions were imposed. Electronic searches were performed across three specialized databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed), two general search engines (Google Scholar, Google), and Persian databases (SID, Magiran). Furthermore, gray literature sources and manual citation tracing (forward and backward tracking) were utilized to ensure complete coverage of the literature. The study selection process followed the PRISMA framework.</span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Findings: The literature review revealed that the role of Passive Defense in preventing and countering military surprise can be delineated across fifteen key axes. The most critical application areas identified in the scientific documents fall into four main categories that form the foundation of defense strategies. Moreover, the dimensions of Passive Defense in these studies are categorized into nine key sections, and the fundamental elements and components of Passive Defense, which specify the executive requirements, collectively comprise seven vital components.</span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conclusion:&nbsp; it functions as an active, multi-layered strategy that ensures national resilience against military surprise. This approach prevents a limited attack from escalating into a strategic catastrophe by reducing physical and cyber vulnerabilities and disrupting the enemy&rsquo;s timing. also guarantees national survival and the continuity of sovereignty under novel threat conditions.<span lang="FA" dir="RTL" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; : Passive Defense,Military Surprise,Defense Strategy,Review Study 0 0 http://ijwph.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2395-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Amir Hossein Moradpour moradpouramir@gmail.com 15300319475328460028884 15300319475328460028884 No Reza Sadeghi sadegh.r365@gmail.com 15300319475328460028885 15300319475328460028885 No Mousa Bamir bamirmousa@gmail.com 15300319475328460028886 15300319475328460028886 Yes