Volume 15, Issue 2 (2023)
Iran J War Public Health 2023, 15(2): 151-157 |
Back to browse issues page
Article Type:
Subject:
History
Received: 2023/03/20 | Accepted: 2023/05/5 | Published: 2023/07/2
Received: 2023/03/20 | Accepted: 2023/05/5 | Published: 2023/07/2
Rights and permissions
Authors
Z.M. Al-Saadi *1, F.D. Al-Aswad2
1- Ministry of Health and Environment, Baghdad, Iraq
2- Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
2- Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract (884 Views)
Aims: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease, which is considered an autoimmune disease impacting the central nervous system. Patients with MS may have certain orofacial manifestations and oral microbiological changes as a result of different treatment modalities. This study aimed to investigate the changes of Candida albicans in normal oral flora during different modalities of treatment and compare them with healthy individuals.
Materials & Methods: 120 Patients were volunteered and divided into four groups of 30 people: 1) patients with MS taking Natalizumab or Tysabri, 2) patients with MS taking Betaferon, 3) patients who were recently diagnosed with MS and were in a variety of progressive stages, 4) healthy individuals (control). The swap samples were taken from the participants, particularly from the oral cavity. PCR real-time program investigated the presence of Candida albicans. All patients were examined under standardized conditions by a single examiner, and the oral cavity was examined in an artificial light using a mouth mirror.
Findings:
Regarding the presence of Candida albicans, there was a significant difference between the naive MS patient group and healthy individuals (p=0.036). However, the difference between the Tysabri group and the healthy group was not significant (p>0.05), while in the Betaferon group, the presence of Candida albicans significantly increased (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Oral Candida albicans increase in naive MS patients compared to healthy individuals. This increase indicates that oral Candida albicans may involve in MS development. On the other hand, orofacial manifestations decrease in all MS treatment groups.
Materials & Methods: 120 Patients were volunteered and divided into four groups of 30 people: 1) patients with MS taking Natalizumab or Tysabri, 2) patients with MS taking Betaferon, 3) patients who were recently diagnosed with MS and were in a variety of progressive stages, 4) healthy individuals (control). The swap samples were taken from the participants, particularly from the oral cavity. PCR real-time program investigated the presence of Candida albicans. All patients were examined under standardized conditions by a single examiner, and the oral cavity was examined in an artificial light using a mouth mirror.
Findings:
Regarding the presence of Candida albicans, there was a significant difference between the naive MS patient group and healthy individuals (p=0.036). However, the difference between the Tysabri group and the healthy group was not significant (p>0.05), while in the Betaferon group, the presence of Candida albicans significantly increased (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Oral Candida albicans increase in naive MS patients compared to healthy individuals. This increase indicates that oral Candida albicans may involve in MS development. On the other hand, orofacial manifestations decrease in all MS treatment groups.
Keywords:
References
1. Rodríguez Murúa S, Farez MF, Quintana FJ. The immune response in multiple sclerosis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2022;17:121-39. [Link] [DOI:10.1146/annurev-pathol-052920-040318]
2. Soud SA, Al-Rubaei SHN. Study of ABO system and multiple sclerosis disease in Iraq. Iraqi J Sci. 2022;63(6):2345-53. [Link] [DOI:10.24996/ijs.2022.63.6.3]
3. Yahya RN, A-Kasim A, Al Gawwam AG. Comparing the quality of life among patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in Iraq using different disease modifying therapies. Iraq J Pharm Sci. 2018;27(2):102-14. [Link] [DOI:10.31351/vol27iss2pp102-114]
4. Lassemi E, Sahraian MA, Motamedi MHK, Valayi N, Moradi N, Lasemi R. Oral and facial manifestations of patients with multiple sclerosis. Dentistry. 2014;4:2-4. [Link] [DOI:10.4172/2161-1122.1000194]
5. Di Stefano G, Maarbjerg S, Truini A. Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis: From the clinical picture to the treatment options. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):20. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s10194-019-0969-0]
6. da Cunha ETS, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Santos DH, Carneiro RPCD, do Olival GS, de Barros, et al. Oral colonization by candida species in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mycopathologia. 2020;185(6):983-91. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11046-020-00486-1]
7. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):162-73. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2]
8. Marvin M. Goldenberg multiple sclerosis review. Pharm Ther. 2012;37(3):175-84. [Link]
9. Luna G, Alping P, Burman J, Fink K, Fogdell-Hahn A, Gunnarsson M, et al. Infection risks among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod, natalizumab, rituximab, and injectable therapies. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(2):184-91. [Link] [DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3365]
10. Loma I, Heyman R. Multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011;9(3):409-16. [Link] [DOI:10.2174/157015911796557911]
11. Dhib-Jalbut S, Marks S. Interferon- mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010;74(1):S17-24. [Link] [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c97d99]
12. Zorba M, Melidou A, Patsatsi A, Ioannou E, Kolokotronis A. The possible role of oral microbiome in autoimmunity. Int J Women Dermatol. 2020;6(5):357-64. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.07.011]
13. Zangeneh Z, Abdi-Ali A, Khamooshian K, Alvandi A, Abiri R. Bacterial variation in the oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0260384. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0260384]
14. Leelapornpisid W, Novak‐Frazer L, Qualtrough A, Rautemaa‐Richardson R. Effectiveness of D,L‐2‐hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) and alpha‐mangostin against endodontopathogenic microorganisms in a multispecies bacterial- fungal biofilm in an ex vivo tooth model. Int Endod J. 2021;54(12):2243-55. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/iej.13623]
15. Patel M. Oral cavity and candida albicans: Colonisation to the development of infection. Pathogen. 2022;11(3):335. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/pathogens11030335]
16. Othman KI, Abdullah SM, Ali B, Majid M. Isolation and identification Candida spp from urine and antifungal susceptibility test. Iraq J Sci. 2018;59(4B):1981-8. [Link] [DOI:10.24996/ijs.2018.59.4B.3]
17. Chouhan S, Kallianpur S, Prabhu KT, Tijare M, Kasetty S, Gupta S. Candidal prevalence in diabetics and its species identification. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2019;9(1):49-54. [Link] [DOI:10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_259_18]
18. Junqueira JC, Vilela SFG, Rossoni RD, Barbosa JO, Costa ACBP, Rasteiro VMC, et al. Oral colonization by yeasts in HIV-positive patients in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2012;54(1):17-24 [Link] [DOI:10.1590/S0036-46652012000100004]
19. Ibraheem MT, Al-Aswad FD. Oral manifestations, microbial study and salivary iga study in asthmatic patients receiving prednisolone. J Baghdad Coll Dent. 2014;26(2):87-93. [Link] [DOI:10.12816/0015201]
20. Pisa D, Alonso R, Carrasco L. Fungal infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30():1173-80. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10096-011-1206-1]
21. Benito-León J, Pisa D, Alonso R, Calleja P, Díaz-Sánchez M, Carrasco L. Association between multiple sclerosis and Candida species: Evidence from a case- control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:1139-45. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10096-010-0979-y]
22. Purzycki CB, Shain DH. Fungal toxins and multiple sclerosis: A compelling connection. Brain Res Bull. 2010;82(1-2):4-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.012]
23. Fraga-Silva TFC, Mimura LAN, Marchetti CM, Chiuso-Minicucci F, França TGD, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, et al. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development is aggravated by candida albicans infection. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:635052. [Link] [DOI:10.1155/2015/635052]
24. Winkelmann A, Loebermann M, Reisinger EC, Zettl UK. Multiple sclerosis treatment and infectious issues: Update 2013. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;175(3):425-38. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/cei.12226]
25. Scotto R, Reia A, Buonomo AR, Moccia M, Viceconte G, Pisano E, et al. Risk of invasive fungal infections among patients treated with disease modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021;20(8):925-36. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/14740338.2021.1918673]
26. De Pauw A, Dejaeger E, D'hooghe B, Carton H. Dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104(4):345-51. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0303-8467(02)00053-7]
27. Poorjavad M, Derakhshandeh F, Etemadifar M, Soleymani B, Minagar A, Maghzi AH. Oropharyngeal dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010;16(3):362-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/1352458509358089]
28. Österberg A, Boivie J, Thuomas KÅ. Central pain in multiple sclerosis- Prevalence and clinical characteristics. Eur J Pain. 2005;9(5):531-42. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.11.005]